VVI  . 

The  Open  Door 

in 

Southern  Asia 


By  Bishop  JAMES  M.  THOBURN 


The  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
Rindge  Literature  Department 
150  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/opendoorinsoutheOOthob 


The  Open  Door  in  Southern  Asia 


Southern  Asia,  when  we  use  the  term  geo- 
graphically, includes  all  that  part  of  Asia  south 
of  the  Himalaya  Mountains.  It  also  includes  all 
those  countries  north  of  the  Equator  that  border 
upon  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
and  we  might  include  the  China  Sea.  It  includes 
about  one  half  of  Arabia.  In  popular  usage  it 
includes  southern  Persia;  but  we  do  not  add  to 
it  any  of  that  part  of  Asia  that  borders  upon  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  When  we  use  the  term  according 
to  our  usage  in  the  Missionary  Society  we.  take  in 
nearly  all  of  the  territory  which  I have  desig- 
nated. We  once  had  a Methodist  society  with  a 
local  preacher  in  Arabia,  at  the  port  of  Aden. 
As  Aden,  with  all  the  coasts  of  the  Persian  Gulf 
up  to  its  head,  is  now  recognized  as  under  the 
Indian  government,  that  is  included  in  our  terri- 
tory. All  of  India  proper  is  in  our  field,  including 
what  we  used  to  call  in  our  geographies  Belu- 
chistan,  nearly  all  of  which  is  practically  part  of 
the  British  Indian  empire.  It  includes  Burma, 
it  includes  Siam,  it  includes  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
all  the  great  Malaysian  Islands,  and  the  Philip- 
pines. 

In  this  great  territory  we  have  an  immense 
population,  aggregating  something  over  three 
hundred  and  fifty  million  of  people.  Next  to 
China  it  stands  first  among  the  great  peoples  of 
this  world.  We  have  witnessed  a very  wide  ex- 
tension of  our  mission  field.  It  commenced  at 


3 


a very  early  period  in  our  Methodist  history,  and 
has  advanced  somewhat  rapidly  since.  It  now 
includes  what  might  be  called,  from  the  religious 
point  of  view,  a key  position,  so  far  as  the  rest 
of  Asia  is  concerned. 

A Mother  of  Religions 

India  has  been  to  an  important  degree  a mother 
of  religions.  A missionary  people  live  there.  She 
has  borrowed  very  little  from  her  neighbors,  and 
she  has  given  a great  deal  to  them.  The  early 
Brahman  leaders  were  missionaries,  and  Brah- 
manism, at  least  in  its  early  days,  was  a mis- 
sionary religion.  It  has  ceased  to  be  such  now. 
The  more  corrupt  bodies  that  now  bear  the  name 
of  Hinduism  were  also  a missionary  people  in 
early  days,  and  the  ruins  of  their  temples  are 
found  in  the  Malaysian  Islands  to-day.  Next  the 
Buddhists  arose,  and  India,  through  her  Buddhist 
missionaries,  gave  a religion  to  China  and  Japan, 
but  never  borrowed  anything  from  those  countries. 
Her  Buddhist  notions  have  penetrated  not  only 
into  Persia  and  western  Asia,  but  also  to  a re- 
markable extent,  I think,  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  States.  India  promises  to  furnish  an  im- 
portant missionary  agency  in  the  evangelization 
of  Africa  at  a future  day,  for  some  of  our  Chris- 
tians are  moving  over  to  Africa  now,  and  we 
have  had  a local  preacher  in  the  town  of  Zanzibar 
for  a good  many  years. 

Some  will  ask  why  we  have  gone  afield  so  far. 
“You  have  not,”  they  will  say,  “overtaken  the 
country,  have  you,  that  you  first  tried  to  occupy?” 
That  seems  strange,  I confess,  but  it  was  not  ac- 
cording to  human  designing.  In  1859,  when  I 
was  going  with  Dr.  Butler,  then  superintendent 

4 


of  our  Mission,  from  Calcutta  to  Lucknow,  he 
explained  to  me  one  day  that  it  was  a great  ad- 
vantage, for  which  I should  be  thankful,  that  our 
Mission  was  conducted  among  a people  who  spoke 
only  one  language.  Our  Presbyterian  brethren, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Ganges,  he  said,  must 
learn  three  languages,  but  our  compact  field, 
with  its  seventeen  millions,  was  inhabited  by  those 
who  spoke  Hindustani  exclusively. 

Work  in  Twenty-eight  Languages 

To-day  we  have  missionary  work  among  people 
speaking  twenty-eight  different  tongues  in  south- 
ern Asia.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  has 
missionary  work  conducted  in  fourteen  different 
languages  within  the  United  States.  In  India 
we  exactly  double  that  number,  and  we  are  not 
done  with  it,  for  I shall  probably  live  to  see  the 
day  when  our  twenty-eight  languages  will  be  fifty, 
as  the  work  expands.  “Why  did  you  let  the  work 
expand?  You  confess  that  you  cannot  overtake 
it.”  We  could  not  help  its  expansion.  God  has 
a hand  in  all  these  matters.  But  there  is  one 
thing  I cannot  make  the  people  at  home  under- 
stand, which  is,  that  much  of  this  expansion  was 
against  our  protest.  In  1882  there  came  a bishop 
from  the  home  land,  and  a senior  missionary 
secretary,  Bishop  Foster,  and  Dr.  Reid,  and  I re- 
member how  in  the  city  of  Calcutta  they  be- 
labored us  in  the  South  India  Conference,  which 
then  included  nearly  the  whole  of  India,  because 
we  would  not  agree  to  a plan  which  would  ex- 
tend our  responsibility  as  missionary  workers 
over  the  entire  empire.  I stood  up  there  one  day 
and  was  strangely  moved;  I spoke  with  tears. 
I said,  “If  we  assume  the  responsibility  you  are 

5 


urging  upon  us,  it  will  involve  an  annual  expen- 
diture of  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars.”  They  received  that  statement  with  ex- 
pressions of  incredulity.  I knew  pretty  well  what 
I meant.  Now  see  what  has  happened.  We  are 
occupying  a field  to-day  which,  according  to  the 
ordinary  appropriations  of  any  modern  missionary 
society,  would  require  just  about  three  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  dollars  a year.  And  we  have 
never  had  the  half  of  it — hardly,  indeed,  the  tenth 
of  it — for  that  field.  But  there  is  the  responsi- 
bility. But  it  was  not  according  to  our  plan. 
Those  good  men  did  not  believe  that  it  would 
ever  reach  such  a sum,  but  there  is  One  who 
guides  in  all  these  matters,  and  we  follow  where 
God  leads.  He  gives  us,  I think,  still  sometimes 
a glimpse  of  a star  from  heaven  that  we  can  follow 
to  the  exact  point  where  it  shines  down,  not  upon 
the  Babe  of  Bethlehem,  but  upon  the  work  which 
that  now  glorified  One  directs  from  his  eternal 
throne.  We  are  guided  still  by  the  Spirit  and  the 
providence  of  God. 

Providential  Calls 

How?  It  comes  from  the  work  itself.  Take 
one  illustration.  On  the  Upper  Ganges  we  worked 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river  for  some  years. 
Every  now  and  then  some  man  would  be  converted 
who  had  a relative  on  the  other  side  of  the  river, 
and  the  relative  would  come  over  and  learn  some- 
thing about  the  new  teaching,  and  then  ask  that 
some  one  would  go  there.  Pretty  soon  we  had  a 
call  from  the  other  side  of  the  river  that  seemed 
to  be  providential.  I remember  one  tour  that 
Bishop  Parker  and  I made  on  that  side  of  the 
river,  taking  with  us  three  volunteer  preachers 

6 


to  do  pioneer  work.  We  just  dropped  them  at  a 
railroad  station  and  said,  “You  meet  us  eight 
days  hence  at  Muzaffarnagar ; meet  us  then  and 
tell  us  what  you  may  have  found.”  We  came  to 
these  men,  and  they  said,  “We  have  found  people 
who  have  Christian  relatives  on  the  other  side  of 
the  river,  all  through  the  country.  We  have 
preached  the  word  and  have  baptized  a few  con- 
verts.” I sent  to  the  nearest  magistrate  and 
asked  for  a copy  of  the  last  Indian  census.  I 
turned  it  over  and  found  that  between  the  Upper 
Ganges  and  the  Upper  Indus  Rivers  there  were 
living  one  million  one  hundred  thousand  of  these 
people,  and  their  religious  ideas  came  nearer  to 
the  standard  of  Christianity  than  those  of  any 
other  people  we  had  ever  found.  They  believed  in 
future  rewards  and  punishments,  and,  of  course, 
in  a future  existence;  in  the  separation  of  the 
good  from  the  bad,  and  in  one  Supreme  Being. 
What  are  we  to  do  in  such  a case?  There  was 
only  one  thing  we  could  do.  We  planted  our 
banner,  and  largely  from  the  initial  movement 
begun  at  that  time  the  Northwest  India  Confer- 
ence has  grown  up  and  has  become  a powerful 
body.  Then  we  had  gone  preaching  to  the  Euro- 
peans all  through  southern  India.  Step  by  step 
we  have  to  follow  on. 

How  God  Leads 

God  leads  very  strangely.  I remember  once 
when  I landed  at  Bombay — it  was  when  I first 
went  out  as  a missionary  bishop — there  was  a 
strange  impression — that  is  all  I can  call  it — that 
God  had  a work  for  us  to  do  up  there  in  Gujarat, 
about  three  hundred  miles  north  of  Bombay.  There 
are  some  ten  million  people  there  who  speak  the 

7 


same  language.  I said  to  the  brethren  then,  “We 
should  have  some  work  up  there.”  But  one  year 
after  another  went  past,  and  we  never  opened  the 
work,  until  at  last,  when  I returned  from  this 
country — I thinlc  it  was  in  1895  or  1896 — I found 
a telegram  waiting,  asking  me  to  go  up  to  Gujarat, 
to  a certain  place  named,  because  there  was  a very 
important  movement  there  that  required  atten- 
tion. I replied  by  telegram  that  I would  come 
next  night.  I went  up  and  spent  the  day  under 
a banyan  tree.  They  had  a number  of  inquirers, 
and  we  explained  to  them  the  whole  day  long  what 
Christianity  meant.  In  the  course  of  the  afternoon 
I baptized  forty- three  persons.  We  went  to  a 
village  and  bought  some  dried  raisins,  and  we  made 
some  raisin  wine  as  best  we  could,  and,  with  some 
cakes  baked  on  the  ashes  for  bread,  I administered 
the  Lord’s  Supper  for  the  first  time  to  those  new 
converts.  I tried  to  teach  them  to  conduct  fam- 
ily prayer.  I think,  if  I remember  correctly,  that 
it  was  only  perhaps  some  two  or  three  years  after 
that  Bishop  Foss  and  Doctor  Goucher,  under  the 
same  tree,  collected  an  immense  assembly  of  Chris- 
tian people,  and  baptized  with  their  own  hands 
two  hundred  and  twenty-five  persons.  A visit- 
ing bishop  now  would  meet  under  the  same  ban- 
yan tree  a thousand  converts  presented  for  bap- 
tism. So  it  goes. 

We  go  so  far  afield  because  the  field  is  so 
wide,  the  people  are  so  many,  the  harvest  is  so 
great.  The  tokens  of  God’s  presence  are  unmistak- 
able. The  still  small  voice  in  one  hundred  thou- 
sand hearts  prompts  us  to  believe  that  God  is 
speaking  to  us  to  go  forward.  There  is  no  such 
thing  as  going  back  in  the  true  missionary  field. 
There  is  no  turning  of  the  back  upon  any  foe.  Our 
face  is  to  the  front,  and  we  must  maintain  that 

8 


attitude  until  all  the  millions  of  earth  are  con- 
verted to  God.  There  is  no  going  back. 

A Beckoning  Hand 

But  still  some  will  say  that  we  need  not  have 
gone  to  these  distant  fields,  they  are  so  far  away. 
But  there  is  the  beckoning  hand  of  God.  I would 
ask,  Is  it  of  men  or  is  it  of  God?  It  must  be 
one  of  the  two : If  it  is  of  God  we  must  obey,  and 
if  it  is  of  God  we  must  believe  in  his  guiding 
hand.  We  read  the  story  of  the  old  pillar  of  fire 
and  pillar  of  cloud,  followed  by  the  people  of  God 
across  the  wilderness.  Some  men  tell  us  nowadays 
that  that  story  is  not  to  be  taken  literally.  Others 
accept  it  as  absolutely  literal.  I will  tell  you 
how  it  is  with  me:  however  it  may  have  been  in 
the  days  of  Moses,  it  is  real  now.  We  are  to  fol- 
low God  now,  and  I am  a great  deal  more  con- 
cerned with  the  practical  theology  of  this  new 
century  than  I am  with  those  who  are  not  per- 
fectly certain  about  events  that  happened  in  former 
days.  I know  what  that  story  means  to  me.  Some 
one  will  ask,  “Do  you  ever  see  a pillar  of  fire? 
Do  you  ever  hear  a voice  that  you  cannot  under- 
stand? Are  these  miraculous  tokens  ever  given 
to  us?”  No,  I can’t  say  that  I have  seen  them,  or 
that  I covet  them.  I will  even  say  that  I do  not 
wish  for  them  for  I think  it  would  weaken  my 
faith,  and  would  make  me  careless,  if  I could  only 
trust  to  outward  tokens  that  every  man  could 
see  and  no  man  could  misunderstand.  But  there  is 
the  still  small  voice,  that  something  which  makes 
Methodist  people  say  “I  feel,”  which  enables  one 
to  feel  the  providential  movings  of  God,  that  once 
stole  into  my  own  heart,  when  for  the  first  time, 
away  down  about  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  I began 

9 


to  feel  a strange,  inexplicable  interest  in  the 
Philippine  Islands.  I thought — perhaps  it  was  the 
remnants  of  my  Irish  nature — that  because  they 
told  me  that  I could  go  into  any  of  that  vast  group 
except  the  Philippine  Islands,  where  the  Span- 
iards would  not  let  us  go,  that  I must  go.  I not 
only  felt  a desire  to  go  where  they  told  me  I 
could  not,  but  there  sprang  up  in  my  heart  a 
strange  impression  that  sometime  I would  go.  At 
my  next  visit  they  told  me  about  a man  who  had 
gone  there  to  sell  Bibles  and  Testaments,  and 
that  the  Spaniards  had  him  in  prison  within  two 
days.  Again  I wished  to  go,  and  I talked  with 
this  man,  and  by  this  time  I began  to  have  a 
feeling  that  I was  going.  The  story  is  too  long, 
but  I have  been  there;  that  part  has  been  con- 
firmed. Now,  as  it  has  been  with  me,  in  this  ease, 
I think  there  is  no  manner  of  doubt  that  we  have 
been  led  on  step  by  step  elsewhere.  We  have  seen 
this  work  expanding,  until  now,  on  the  western 
borders,  almost  up  to  the  borders  of  Persia,  in 
sight  of  the  city  of  Kandahar,  the  way  is  open. 
The  Indian  government  has  gone  up  there  and  es- 
tablished a military  station,  and  just  above  it  they 
have  pierced  the  mountain  with  a tunnel,  and  at 
the  mouth  of  the  tunnel  they  have  rails  enough  to 
construct  a railway  to  the  city  of  Kandahar.  And 
when  we  go  up  there  we  can  go  through  that  tun- 
nel, and  from  the  other  side  we  can  look  out  over 
Central  Asia,  and  see  the  distant  city  of  Kandahar. 
Away  up  at  that  mountain  outpost  is  a Methodist 
Church,  and  one  of  the  last  letters  I had  from 
Bishop  Warne  tells  me  of  his  visit  there,  and  of 
the  membership  and  of  the  outlook. 


10 


The  Malay  Peninsula 

Then  you  turn  and  go  away  down  again  until 
you  have  crossed  the  Indian  empire,  and  go  about 
two  thousand  miles  from  Calcutta  until  you  come 
to  the  equatorial  city  of  Singapore.  We  were  led 
there,  I think,  in  a providential  way.  Once  we 
had  taken  our  station  at  Singapore  we  began  to 
work  back  up  the  peninsula.  On  the  map  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  which  you  attach  very  little  im- 
portance to,  looks  like  a little  narrow  strip  of 
land.  It  is  about  the  size  of  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania together.  It  is  not  densely  populated. 
It  is  a rich  country — ^the  tin  of  the  world  nearly 
all  comes  from  there.  The  Chinese  immigrants  are 
coming  in  very  rapidly.  We  have  occupied  three 
or  four  stations  on  that  peninsula — ^the  great  city 
of  Penang  and  the  amazing  city  of  Singapore.  The 
people  who  come  to  Singapore  are  from  all  those 
islands ; from  Borneo,  which  is  larger  than  France ; 
from  New  Guinea,  as  large  as  the  Austrian  empire, 
and  Java,  equal  to  about  the  area  of  Cuba — ^from 
all  that  vast  region  people  are  coming  to  the  cen- 
tral point.  As  a matter  of  course  you  may  ex- 
pect that  some  of  them  will  be  converted.  We 
had  a young  man  converted  and  baptized  in  Singa- 
pore, a graduate,  first  of  Ohio  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity, and  then  of  Yale,  who  is  now  conducting  an 
independent  school  in  the  city  of  Batavia  at  his 
own  expense.  He  sent  me  a hundred  dollars  about 
a year  ago  from  that  point.  That  is  what  you 
might  call  spontaneous  work. 

The  Island  of  Borneo 

Then  there  is  the  great  island  of  Borneo.  It 
has  a sparse  population.  Has  it  ever  occurred  to 

11 


you,  the  reason  why?  It  is  because  of  a peculiar 
custom  which  they  have  throughout  all  that  re- 
gion, the  people  being  called  head-hunters.  A man 
is  said  not  to  be  in  a position  to  ask  any  maiden 
to  become  his  bride  until  he  has  killed  somebody 
and  polished  his  skull  and  attached  it  as  an  or- 
nament to  the  ridgepole  of  his  house.  They  have 
a belief  that  when  they  have  done  this  all  the  vir- 
tues of  the  murdered  man  will  become  the  posses- 
sion of  the  man  who  kills  him.  If  the  murdered 
man  is  brave  this  man  will  have  his  courage;  and 
if  he  is  strong  this  man  will  have  his  strength. 
We  sent  a missionary  there  some  few  years  ago, 
and  he  remained  ten  months — I mean  Dr.  Luering, 
the  wonderful  linguist  we  have  there,  one  of  the 
most  marvelous  German  missionaries  in  the  world. 
This  man  had  been  there  ten  months,  when  a death 
occurred  in  our  upper  mission,  and  we  had  to 
recall  him.  He  went  down  to  the  village  to  say 
that  the  steamer  which  brought  him  the  letter 
would  go  out  in  the  morning,  and  he  must  return 
at  once,  and  he  had  come  to  say  good-bye.  The 
headman  of  the  village  begged  him  not  to  go,  but 
he  said  that  the  going  was  imperative.  They  urged 
and  he  finally  said,  “If  you  will  give  me  a satis- 
factory assurance  that  you  will  be  Christians,  I 
will  come  back  or  send  some  one  to  take  my  place.” 
The  headman  said,  “0,  I will  be  a Christian.” 
“Yes,”  replied  the  missionary,  “you  have  told  me 
that  a good  many  times,  but  you  don’t  keep  your 
word.  Give  me  a pledge.”  “What  pledge  do  you 
want?”  Looking  up  to  the  ridgepole  of  the  house, 
where  there  were  ninety  skulls,  every  one  of  them 
belonging  to  some  one  killed  by  this  man,  “Give 
me,”  said  the  missionary,  “one  of  those  skulls, 
and  I will  give  you  my  promise  that  we  will  come 
back  sometime.”  The  man  sprang  to  his  feet  and 

12 


laid  liis  hand  upon  his  creese,  for  it  is  a glaring 
insult  to  ask  a man  for  one  of  those  precious 
skulls.  Dr.  Luering  looked  him  quietly  in  the 
face.  “You  said  you  were  going  to  be  a Chris- 
tian, and  Christians  never  kill.  Now,  if  you  are 
sincere,  you  won’t  do  it.”  The  man  put  up  his 
knife,  and  said,  “Take  one.”  Grasping  one  of 
those  knives.  Dr.  Luering  climbed  up  and  cut  the 
string  and  brought  away  with  him  a skull  of  one 
of  these  murdered  inhabitants  of  Borneo.  Shortly 
afterward  he  was  called  to  Germany,  and  he  took 
the  skull  with  him.  The  skull  of  that  unfortunate- 
man  is  traveling  about  through  the  cities  of  Ger- 
many to  the  present  day,  for  Dr.  Luering  could 
never  get  it  back  again. 

A New  “Mayflower”  Expedition 

Some  one  now  and  then  would  ask  us,  “Are  you 
going  to  establish  a mission  in  Borneo  ?”  Not  long 
ago  we  heard  a wonderful  story.  Since  the  Boxer 
movement  the  people  of  China  are  allowed  to  take 
their  wives  and  daughters  with  them  when  they 
leave  the  empire.  Formerly  they  were  not,  and 
that  was  a great  hindrance  to  emigration  from 
that  empire.  Bishop  Warne,  when  on  his  way  to 
Manila,  heard  that  six  or  seven  hundred  people 
were  actually  on  their  way  from  the  Foochow 
country  to  plant  a colony  in  Borneo.  When  he 
heard  this,  at  the  last  moment,  he  canceled  the 
ticket  which  he  had  taken  on  the  steamer,  jumped 
on  another  steamer,  and  made  for  a point  where 
he  could  intercept  these  men,  went  with  them  on 
the  same  vessel,  landed  with  them,  saw  them 
build  their  huts,  found  among  them  one  or  two 
local  preachers,  got  them  together,  put  one  man 
in  charge,  and  thus  Methodism  was  planted  in 

13 


the  great  island  of  Borneo.  The  next  thing  I 
heard  of  that  colony  was  that  they  were  all  dying. 
It  was  a sickly  place.  I was  reminded  then  of 
what  Bishop  Warne  had  written:  “I  do  not  know 
but  this  ship  may  be  the  Mayflower  of  a future 
empire.  It  may  be  that  this  first  colony  shall  be 
the  leader  of  others  that  are  to  follow,  and  we  shall 
build  a great  Christian  empire  in  the  island  of 
Borneo.”  I remembered  how  there  was  great  sick- 
ness and  death  among  the  first  settlers  from  the 
Mayflower.  It  has  turned  out  as  it  did  in  the 
other  ease;  some  died,  perhaps  a hundred  or  more 
returned  to  China,  but  the  colony  is  flourishing, 
and  we  have  now  a membership  there  of  between 
seven  and  eight  hundred  adult  Christians. 

Marvellous  Openings 

We  have  100,000  people  in  India  asking  for  bap- 
tism. I have  been  assured  that  this  number  is 
not  an  exaggeration.  I wrote  for  the  figures,  and 
my  correspondent  replied,  “We  could  report  a much 
larger  number  than  this;  we  could  baptize  the 
whole  100,000  within  the  next  twelve  months  if 
we  had  the  means  to  employ  native  teachers  to 
go  among  them  and  teach  them  just  the  rudiments 
of  Christian  doctrine  and  Christian  life.”  My  own 
impression  is  that  we  might  multiply  that  number 
if  we  had  the  means,  and  there  is  hardly  any  limit 
to  it  at  all.  I have  said  publicly,  that  I trusted 
that  God  would  spare  my  life  until  I should  see 
1,000,000  converts  in  India  along  within  the  bounds 
of  our  own  work.  I believe  I shall  see  it.  I believe 
— and  I have  used  this  expression  before — that 
if  the  Protestant  Churches  of  these  United  States 
would  unite  together,  would  look  that  problem 
in  the  face,  if  they  would  take  the  lesson  to  heart 

14 


that  God  is  teaching  them,  within  ten  years  we 
might  have  10,000,000  in  India  who  are  worshiping 
idols  to-day  either  within  the  pale  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church  or  inquiring  the  way  thither.  But  if 
my  own  poor  life  is  spared  until  I shall  see  that 
million  gathered  within  our  native  churches  in 
India,  then  I shall  thank  God,  and  these  poor  feet, 
which  shrink  and  falter  now,  with  unutterable 
joy  shall  walk  through  the  gates  of  day! 


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